Module 14 - Lesson 2 - Woodland Roads: Vital Links for your Contractor

Well-constructed and maintained  woodland roads are crucial  for efficient movement of both wood and workers. Roads are also a vital safety link should incidents occur when quick transport to and from work sites is needed. For this reason, you should pay particular  attention to the condition of your roads.

If wood is to be transported from your woodland site to a mill or wood yard, you will likely need a road. New roads can be built where none have existed before, or old roads and trails can be upgraded to meet the requirements  of logging trucks. If you already have a woodland access road, ensure it is adequate to accommodate modern semi-trailers. Pay particular attention to the width of the entrance at the main road, and the size of the turnarounds  (if needed). While some truckers are willing to back their vehicles a short distance, others are not. You should also be aware that a permit from the Nova Scotia Department of Transportation  and Infrastructure Renewal is required to construct a new road entrance.

Good woodland roads are vital links for contractors.
 

Road requirements should be thoroughly discussed with your harvesting or silviculture contractor. Ensure the road meets the contractor’s needs. If road upgrading  needs to be done prior to the contractor beginning  work, clarify who will bear the cost of this work. Also discuss the possibility the road may deteriorate through use, or while the contractor is using it, and reach an agreement on who is responsible  for maintaining the road in a trafficable condition. For your own protection, it may be advisable  to take photos of your road, particularly  if it is new, which can help in avoiding disputes over the original condition  of the road.

To keep costs down, it may be a good time to think about excavating one or more ponds while the road-building equipment is on site. Ponds can be real hotspots for wildlife and also provide a measure of safety when dealing with potential forest fires.

 

 

An Ounce of Prevention

Heavy forestry equipment  can easily damage the surface of a woodland road during wet seasons of the year of if the road is relatively new. Forwarders (porters)  loaded with wood should avoid travelling on roads which are to be used for trucking.  In many cases, wood can be piled at roadside from the back (off-road) side, so that road damage is avoided. If road damage from equipment is a concern, mention it to the harvesting contractor.

Keep in mind that woodland harvests can greatly increase water runoff from a site. Ensure the road ditches and culverts can handle increased peak flowage. Knowledgeable contractors will  recommend replacement of inadequate  or damaged culverts, and will keep an eye out for potential ditch blockages and culvert obstructions. If culvert or bridge work is required on watercourses, make sure qualified personnel supervise the work, including individuals which are certified in watercourse alteration. A little extra caution can go a long way towards preventing unnecessary damage!

Proper road construction  is a key element in woodland stewardship.
 

For advice and information on woodland road funding assistance,  contact Forest Products Association of Nova Scotia, whose contact details are found in the Additional Resources section of this module.

Crossing Other Properties

It is sometimes necessary to cross a neighbouring property to access some areas of your woodland.

If this is the case, an agreement between yourself and the owner of the property should be arranged. As with  all contracts, it is preferable to have an agreement in writing, rather than verbal consent.

Temporary rights-of-way are fairly common in forestry operations.  Often a contractor will prove to be valuable in gaining  permission to cross neighbouring property if he or she has a solid  reputation for fairness and good quality work. If a contractor indicates he already has permission to cross adjoining  land, ask to see the signed agreement.

Absentee landowners  can be difficult to contact when permission is sought to cross their land. Every attempt should be made to speak with them directly, or to an agent who may be handling their affairs. If language is a barrier and there is no local agent, it may be best to contact a lawyer who will ensure that contact is made.

Rights-of-Way

If wood is to be extracted over neighbouring  land, you or the contractor should make it clear to the owner any damage  to their property will be repaired. This should be indicated in the right- of-way agreement.  If, in your contract with your forestry contractor, he is held responsible for repair work, the contractor will go to extra lengths to prevent damage from occurring in the first place.

In some instances – and if it is in his interests – the contractor may be able to access future work on the neighbouring  property, further benefitting all parties.

The actual right-of-way should be clearly marked with flagging  tape, to avoid misunderstandings about its location. If trees must be harvested to clear a right-of-way, a fair stumpage value should be paid to the neighbouring  woodland owner.

In some instances woodland owners may wish to be paid an access fee that is over and above the stumpage value of the wood harvested from a right-of-way. This fee might be demanded to cover the lost potential revenue of immature trees which are cleared from the right-of-way, or may simply be payment for access. It is important to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of all aspects of a right-of-way with your contractor.

Any right-of-way  crossing an adjacent property should be described in a written agreement.
 

 

Reducing Your Risks

Once you have located one or more woodland contractors who appear to suit your needs, you should ask for credentials which prove a contractor’s level of capability.  Accessing funding assistance for silviculture or road construction may require credentials. Such credentials can include, but are not limited to:

 

You should not feel pressured to carry out forestry work that is different from or not recommended in your woodland stewardship plan. If a contractor is adamant  extra work should be done, or your plan should be changed, you should ask for another opinion. A forest professional should be able to give you his or her objective opinion.

Get it in Writing

Congratulations! You’ve found the right contractor, but now what? One of the first things you should do - no matter how sincere a contractor may appear - is take steps to reduce your risks of loss due to property damage  or personal injury. This can be accomplished through the use of a contract, which is a legally binding obligation  to perform to a defined level of expectation. The contract is binding upon both the landowner and the contractor.

It is important  to have a legally binding contract in place before work begins.
 

 

The Contract: the Core of Your Contractor Relationship

When you are working with a contractor, no other instrument is as effective as a rigorous and thorough contract. By setting out the responsibilities of each party, a well-written contract will protect both yourself and the contractor from anticipated and even unanticipated events and results.

Many contracts are made verbally, but it is much better to go the extra step and have a written contract. It is also advisable to have a third-party witness who is aware of the details of the contract.

A good contract will contain the following information:

1. Details of Job:

The job itself can be described by:

 

There may be other preferences or limiting factors, examples being:

 

2. Details of Payments

 

The contract should also indicate how the payments will be made (through bank account, cheque or other means) and how often payments will be made. For instance,  wood payment may be made: (a) as a lump-sum up front, (b) as the wood is sold within a specified time limit or (c) at regular intervals – for instance,  every two weeks or every month. There may be other methods of payment which are acceptable to both parties.

You should contact your accountant to determine the best payment option for your particular circumstance.

The payment should also indicate whether there are any additional check-offs or deductions, which may include the costs of planned future silviculture treatments or other expenses.

Payment details for harvested wood should be carefully laid out in a contract.
 

3. Responsibilities of Each Party

This section of the contract should outline the duties of the contractor and woodland owner. It should answer questions similar to the following:

 

4. How Any Potential Conflicts Will Be Resolved.

To be effective, a contract should be CLEAR, CONCISE and  COMPREHENSIVE.

 

 

 

 

While unexpected results and events will occur, a contract will assist in solidifying the business relationship between yourself and the contractor.

See Appendix 1 for a sample harvesting contract. While this sample contract may seem basic, it could be a good foundation on which to build a more comprehensive, detailed contract.

All woodland stewardship work, including silviculture such as crop tree pruning, should be initiated by a contract.
 

Insurance: Reducing Your Liability Risk

Most woodland contractors carry some insurance. This is an essential  element  of working on property which they do not own themselves. Adequate insurance  is necessary to protect contractors and their employees, and it may also protect you as a landowner.

Workers Compensation Insurance

All persons working to earn an income in Nova Scotia must have Workers Compensation Insurance.  This basic insurance can provide a worker with coverage should he or she be unable to continue working due to a workplace injury. Depending on the type of work being done, premium rates can vary greatly. It is very important you check with your contractor to ensure both the contractor and his or her workers have Workers Compensation Insurance.  This will protect you from incurring  expenses associated with workplace accidents on your woodland. It is a good idea to make it a condition of any contract the contractor carries this insurance,  and for the proper class of work. You should ask the contractor for a copy of a Letter of Good Standing from the Workers Compensation  Board of Nova Scotia, as proof the contractor’s premiums have been paid for the year. It should be noted that even if you are working on your own woodland you may require Workers Compensation insurance.

Public Liability and Property Damage Insurance

Whenever you cause damage  to another person, or another person’s property, you may incur liability for damages. Public Liability Insurance helps protect you from consequent actions resulting  from the damage.

It is not difficult to realize all contractors working on other persons’ properties should carry Public Liability and Property Damage Insurance. This insurance may provide coverage should a contractor accidentally  harvest trees on an adjacent property, or cause damage to other properties through silt runoff, equipment fuel leaks or forest fire. It is important to specify the types of damage that a contractor’s insurance premium will cover, since not all Public Liability Insurance is the same. If you need more information, contact your insurance company. It is usually recommended that a specified minimum  amount in coverage be carried by a woodland contractor. Your contract should indicate both the type and extent of coverage.

Insurance coverage is a key component  of a woodland stewardship contract.
 

Due Diligence: Your Greatest Responsibility

No amount of insurance can replace common sense and due diligence. It is incumbent upon you, the woodland owner, to ensure the risks of injury are reduced for anyone working on or using your property. If, for example,  you have not told your contractor about an old well you know is on the work site and is unmarked and uncovered, you may be liable if a worker becomes injured as a result of falling in or colliding with the well.

Woodland road gates can be particularly  dangerous if they are not highly visible. Advance warning signs should be posted on the approaches to gates, and the gates should be brightly painted. Cable gates are difficult to make visible, and should not be used. Your contractor should be made aware of any gates on your woodland, and an agreement should be reached about who is responsible for opening and closing gates, particularly if the gates are to be locked.

Your chances  of being sued for damages  by a contractor may be greatly reduced by practicing due diligence  of the kind noted above. In many instances  it can be the result of simply employing common sense!

Closing the Deal

Work should only be started by the contractor once both parties have signed an agreed contract. There should be two original  copies of the document: one for the contractor and one for you. It may be beneficial to have a lawyer or someone who is familiar with contracts to review the details before it is signed. You may wish to have a witness present when the signing is taking place.

When the Contract is Complete

Your contractor will indicate when he or she believes the job is complete. Review your contract to ensure all aspects of the contract have been met. If there are any outstanding issues, this may be your last chance to address them. Has all the wood been trucked? Is your road in good condition? Are all your blazed boundary line trees still in place? Is the site clear of garbage and debris?

If you are satisfied with your contractor’s performance and stumpage payments, be willing to provide a reference for them. This will ensure that good contractors have ample supplies of work in the future. Talk frankly with other woodland owners about your experiences with the contractor. If the contractor is a Certified Master Logger, you may be asked to describe your level of satisfaction with the quality of the job and with the contractor’s performance.

Checklists

Post Harvest

Roads

•Have the roads and landings been left in good condition, or repaired to your satisfaction?

• Are all culverts and ditches free from obstruction?

• Has all the wood been trucked from roadside?

• Are ditches free from rutting?

• Are roads and landings free of logging debris?

 

Site

• Have any and all oil or fuel spills been properly contained and cleaned up?

• Has all garbage (including oil containers) been removed from the site?

•Have all equipment and fuel tanks been removed from the site within a reasonable time frame?

• Has all significant rutting been repaired?

 

Post-silviculture

•Are access roads in good condition?

•Is the site free of garbage?

•Has the site been checked by a forest professional to ensure conformity with silviculture criteria and job quality standards?

•Has the contractor followed your instructions regarding leaving certain trees and areas untouched?

 

Whether your woodland site has been harvested, thinned in a silviculture operation or planted in trees, it is worthwhile to have a forest professional check the job to ensure all wildlife and watercourse protection regulations have been met.

A contract is complete only when all the signatories are satisfied that the contract conditions have been met.
 

Conflict Resolution

Everyone usually hopes all details of a contract will be carried out satisfactorily, but there are often circumstances  when this does not happen. Your contract should be the first tool for ensuring conflicts between yourself and a contractor are minimized.  For this reason, contracts should be as detailed as possible.

In the rare event that things go wrong, it is often good to have a lawyer draft your contract – or at least be aware of its contents – should you require legal advice in a dispute. Of course, it is always preferable that a conflict should be settled amicably, and for this reason it is doubly important you obtain good references for your contractor, and you become familiar with his method of operations before he is hired.

If issues do arise, it is important you address them as soon as possible. This may involve halting the contractor’s work until the issue is resolved. Be aware, however, if wood has been harvested, a contractor may have recourse to be paid for harvesting work that has been completed.

Conclusion

Hiring and using a contractor can be both challenging  and rewarding. It can also be the most progressive action you may take as a woodland owner. Contractors can accomplish tasks you may find difficult or impossible to do yourself. They usually have the expertise, experience and equipment needed to do the job well.

At the same time, everyone involved in managing your woodland should reduce the risks of property damage  and personal injury.  Even so, insurance  is needed to verify you are covered should  an event occur. For this reason, you should ensure both you and the contractor have sufficient insurance.

A clear, concise and comprehensive contract will outline the responsibilities of each party, so that everyone understands their roles in managing your woodland. Make a point of insisting  a contract is the best way of guaranteeing a satisfactory outcome for everyone involved.

Finally, cherish your relationship with a contractor. Hiring a contractor may be the best action you have ever taken on the road to being an excellent steward of your woodland.

 

Module 14 - Hiring and Working with a Woodland Contractor -- UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Sample Harvesting Contract

Disclaimer

The information provided under the ‘Sample Harvesting Contract’ is intended to assist woodlot owners and harvesting contractors who wish to enter into a harvesting agreement. It is to be used as an instructional document only, not as a final agreement. It is the responsibility of the contracting parties to make sure that they understand the terms and conditions attached to the clauses. The Department of Natural Resources disclaims  any responsibility from any misunderstanding and or conflict resulting from the use of this document and the sample clauses. The intended users should consult with their own legal counsel prior to entering into any contract or agreement to ensure all legal requirements are met with respect to their specific circumstances.

 

Download Sample contract

Module 14 - Lesson 2 - Case Study 2

Case Study 2

There are few woodland owners that know as much about the woods as Kelly Baker.  He has been practically raised holding the reins of a team of horses, skidding logs, and he has spent more than half a century working the land on the family farm, which he now solely owned.

From the old pasture Kelly could see clear across the Bay of Fundy to Cape Blomidon, where on sultry days the fog laid spread like a grey blanket. He could tell if there was weather coming by the way the sky looked over the wide tidal flats.  After all, it was the bay with the highest tides in the world, and that had to mean something.

Kelly Baker was in a fix. For decades he had logged the lower slopes of his property, never taking too much, so that the red spruce that grew so well on the south slope of the mountain  continually regenerated itself. He picked trees here and there for harvesting,  checking for soundness and straightness, always with an eye to where the tree should fall if it was cut. He was seldom wrong.

When he needed firewood he went further up the mountain, where the sugar maple grew tall and abundantly. He was careful  to maintain the old woods road in good condition, since that was his only way in and out of his woodland. Kelly hoped he would never have the need to get out of the woods quickly  in an emergency, but if he needed it the road was there.

Trouble was, Kelly was getting on in years, and he needed some money. He had even sold his old horse to a farmer in New Brunswick.  The spruce he had had so little problem staying ahead of, was now so far beyond his ability to harvest and it pained him to even look at them. The groves of trees, so carefully considered for cutting in the past now stared back at him, almost in reproach.

He wondered about hiring someone to help him. A family he knew owned several large pieces of harvesting equipment - and the men to match – who could work 24/7. That was their way of putting food on the table and new pickups in the yard.

Thing was, Kelly could not abide clearcutting.  For kilometers in every direction from his property on the mountain he could see the great expanse of the Cobequid Hills and the rents in the landscape where the forest had been harvested. Even now, when he needed money, he could not bring himself to subject the woods - where five generations  of Bakers had worked - to being felled in one swoop.

Sure, the guys with the harvesters had come calling several times, and as they stared at the ground and kicked the tires of their new trucks, each successive offer had been greater. Kelly appreciated their straightforward approach. They were businessmen, and their business was doing well.

But Kelly had other ideas. For years he had enjoyed reading a monthly journal called Rural Delivery. It was the only magazine  to which he subscribed, and he had a fondness for the articles that described real-life small-scale farming and forestry, because it awakened good memories of past times on the farm. From these articles he knew that there were other people that thought the way he did.

 

One day during a late winter storm that caked the house and barn in crusty snow, Kelly decided to place an ad in Rural Delivery.  The ad stated:

Standing wood for sale, nearly all spruce, with good access. Partial cutting only, must be light on the land. Call for a tour.

The phone began to ring even before he had received the next issue of the magazine.

One call intrigued him. It was from a forester who worked for a woodland owner cooperative. Steve indicated he would like to come out the following week and have a look at Kelly’s woodland.

The snow crunched  underfoot as Kelly and Steve made their way across the pasture to the edge of the white  spruce  stand.  As soon as they entered the woods the snow level dropped and their pace quickened.  Two deer melted away among the trees in front of them as they moved forward.

Kelly recounted the history of the farm, and stated he was the last of the Baker line that lived locally.  To him, the old farm property was more than money in the bank. It was a legacy, the only physical remnant of his family’s history here on the mountain.

Steve understood.  He told of his own family’s history in the River Hebert area, and how most of the family had scattered across the continent once the last wooden ship was built there. Times had changed, but valuable threads were still recognizable.  Steve had an affinity for wood – perhaps some sort of genetic memory - that compelled him to study forestry.

Another of those vital threads was the Baker farm. Kelly wished to conserve some of the family heritage  that existed on the mountain.  More to the point, he didn’t want to be the one to sell it all - to cut and run.

Steve pointed out to Kelly it might be important to take one step at a time, and before hiring a logger he should have a stewardship plan. The plan would be built around Kelly’s objectives and his need for income. Kelly agreed, as long as the costs were reasonable. For the first time, there would be a written plan for the Baker woods.

It was nearly two months before the Baker stewardship plan was ready. Steve had visited Kelly and his woodland twice more to cruise the property and to keep Kelly updated on his progress. Kelly was impressed with the forester’s thoroughness and attention to detail, and with his breadth of knowledge. The forester seemed to anticipate  Kelly’s concerns, and the resulting plan was exactly what Kelly had hoped.

While tagging  along with Steve one day, Kelly had asked him why he was taking the time to sample the soil with his soil auger. Steve explained not all soils were the same, and up here on the mountain it was very important to gauge the risk of trees being blown down by the wind. Kelly replied although he had been working up here for decades, he had only noticed a few trees had blown as a result of his “thinning”. It was true, Steve noted. He marveled  at how wind-firm the trees up here seemed to be.

An old pasture  which had grown up in white spruce was another story. These trees were starting to show signs that spruce bark beetles were weakening them. A number of trees had already died, and brown needles fell to the ground like rain. Other trees showed tell-tale cracks near their base, which indicated rot had set in. The two men nearly tripped over the tree roots which were spread across the ground like a giant spider’s web. It was clear this entire stand of white spruce would need to be harvested – and all at once.

Steve knew of a contractor who would be able to carry out the harvesting work. Jim, he said, had a small crew of two chainsaw  operators, a small forwarder, or porter, and best of all, a horse. Jim had worked on several lots for the members of the woodland cooperative and had a good reputation as a reliable contractor.

It was important, Steve stated, that if Jim agreed to do the work a contract should be drawn up to ensure both Kelly and Jim knew what to expect of each other. It was obvious Steve firmly believed in contracts, and while Kelly didn’t much like paperwork he agreed to think it over once he knew the details. Meanwhile, Steve would try to contact Jim as soon as possible.

The following week Jim arrived at the Baker farm in his battered pickup. Kelly could sense he was a horseman right away, and the two were soon discussing whiffle-trees and the importance of getting horseshoe heels beveled just right.

Steve soon arrived and the trio set off to walk Kelly’s woodland. They all agreed the old pasture spruce should be completely harvested because of the extent of dying trees, since any trees left standing would certainly  blow down. Here, Jim could use his forwarder to extract the wood to the side of the road. Steve indicated he could perhaps arrange to have the harvested site planted two or three years later, likely at little or no cost to Kelly.

Once they were back in the woods, it was not long before Jim expressed his enthusiasm  for tackling the job of harvesting  some of the red spruce and hardwood in a selection harvest. Most of the area was in a shallow valley which protected the trees from wind. Here, Jim stated, he could use his horse to extract the wood on some of the area closest to the road, and use his forwarder on the remainder.

Steve emphasized a contract should be the basis for doing any of the work, and offered to put one together. Jim already  had Workers Compensation coverage for both himself and his employees, and also had insurance  for public liability  and property damage.

Kelly was familiar with the location of the boundary lines of the property and offered to clean them out and repaint the tree blazes that hadn’t received a fresh coat for more than  twenty years. He would also make sure the farm gate on the woods road was left open while Jim was working there and while wood was being trucked. Steve noted all these details on the contract.

Jim agreed to pay Kelly every two weeks, based on the mill scale of the wood. The hardwood would be scaled at the landing  by Steve, and Jim would make payments to Kelly based on this scale. Jim also promised every stick of wood on the landing would be trucked within a month of the end of the harvesting operation. Any damage to the road caused by trucks or equipment would be fixed by Jim. He would also ensure,  because  the operations would be taking place during fire season, adequate fire-fighting equipment would be stored on site.

Kelly liked this arrangement since Jim would need to truck the wood quickly.  He had seen many  small piles of wood beside roads in his travels. The piles had been there for months, even years, and most were decayed beyond the point of usefulness.

When the details of the contract were complete, Steve had both Kelly and Jim sign the document. Steve added his signature as a witness and eachwas given a copy. The real work could begin!

Sitting near his kitchen window overlooking his fields, Kelly was content. It was now high summer,  the woods were dry and it was the perfect time for forestry work. Kelly watched as Jim’s forwarder was unloaded from its flatbed and began to gather wood that the chainsaw operators had begun cutting the week before.

Then he saw the sight that he was really anticipating – a pickup truck drawing a horse trailer up the hill towards his woods. Kelly’s face widened as he grinned, sprang to his feet and rushed out the door, leaving his half-finished cup of tea on the table.